What is associated with: born in 1512 mapped out his life flanders the world?

Based on the clue 'born in 12 ad this cruel unbalanced roman emperor...', what is the answer? What is associated with: born in 1225 this italian is the patron saint of catholic schools universities colleges? What is associated with: born in 1394 this portuguese prince founded a school of navigation? What is associated with: born in 1491 this future king had a nurse named anne luke not the last anne hed nuzzle? What is associated with: born in 1519 this medici queen of france was the great niece of pope leo x? What is associated with: born in 1547 this spanish author always craved the fame of his contemporary lope de vega? What is associated with: born in 1564 he was employed by elizabeth is secretary of state to uncover catholic plots agai… What is associated with: born in 1564 this italian often used a pendulum in his studies of motion?