What do referees throw to signal a penalty?

What is a "Hail Mary" pass? What is "the red zone" in football? What does "PAT" stand for? What is a "two-minute warning"? What do officials throw to mark a spot, such as a fumble or punt catch point? What color flag does an NFL coach throw to challenge a play? What is the "Lambeau Leap"? Which famous NFL broadcaster was known for his "Boom!" and telestrator drawings?